Novel Methodologies for Providing In Situ Data to HAB Early Warning Systems in the European Atlantic Area: The PRIMROSE Experience

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) cause harm to human health or hinder sustainable use of the marine environment in Blue Economy sectors. HABs are temporally and spatially variable hence their mitigation is closely linked effective early warning. The European Union (EU) Interreg Atlantic Area project “PRIMROSE”, Predicting Risk Impact Events on Aquaculture Sector, was focused joint development HAB warning systems different regions along Area. Advancement existing forecasting requires tools, improvements data flow processing, but also additional inputs assess distribution species, especially areas away from national monitoring stations, usually located near aquaculture sites. In this contribution, we review novel technologies for acquiring report experience gained several local collection exercises performed during project. Demonstrations include deployment autonomous imaging cytometry (IFC) sensors two areas: a mooring Daoulas estuary Bay Brest pumping bay Shetland Islands an inland IFC; drone deployments, both Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Autonomous Surface vehicles (ASVs). Additionally, have reviewed sampling approaches potentially relevant including protocols opportunistic water by coastguard agencies. Experiences determination biotoxins non-traditional vectors how they could complement standard routine considered.